Nanotechnology, although still only an emerging science, is already being used in a vast array of products in several industries, including the food industry.

Based at the University of Aarhus, Prof. Nielsen's pioneering research into the field and strong international research profile netted him this year's Danisco Award. The company said his "introduction of advanced, scientific and entirely new methods of characterisation and measuring of food components as well as food intake in living organisms," was key to their choice.

Prof. Nielsen, also director of the Danish National Research Foundation's Centre for Insoluble Protein Structures (inSPIN), played a key role in establishing Denmark's NanoFood Consortium in 2005.

The consortium, made up of 12 partners from industry and academia, aims to ensure the food industry stays competitive by collaborating with research institutes active in food, nutrition, and nanotechnology.

"We are having a very good impact on nanoscience in general," he said.

What is nanotechnology?

Nanotechnology refers to the control of matter at an atomic or molecular scale of between one and 100 nanometres (nm) - that's one millionth of a millimetre.

Despite still being in its infancy, current estimates on the value of products using nanotechnology put it currently in the range of US$7bn. According to some, the market could be worth as much as $20bn by 2020.

But there is a long way to go, said Prof. Nielsen. "Nanotechnology has to mature to a certain level to be part of daily life."

Currently, nanotech is being used in a range of applications, from the design of computer chip layouts based on surface science, to design of new polymers. The main commercial applications using nanotechnology are in cosmetics and suntan lotions, drug delivery, and surface coatings - but the potential for food is not small.

NanoFood

Nanotechnology is already seen by many as a key source of innovation for food products. Indeed, more 600 nanofood products are already available on the global market, according to new data from the Helmut Kaiser Consultancy (HKC).

Moreover, HKC predicts a change of 40 to 60 per cent in the food industry by 2015 as a result of nanotechnology.

And, with players such as Danisco and Arla Foods onboard, Denmark's NanoFood consortium is making big noises with nanotechnology. While still limited to Denmark, Prof. Nielsen admits to having a larger ambition. "Obviously we want to be international," he said.

With the team assembled, what directions is the research heading?

Prof. Nielsen sees bioactives - nutritional ingredients that are active at a physiological level -as an obvious growth area.

Nanotechnology has potential to protect these valuable compounds as they pass through the early parts of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and subsequently controlling their release and absorption in the gut.

"There is much more potential than employed currently," he said.

But applying nanotechnology to ingredients is not limited to nutrition.

"We could develop nanoparticles to deliver a particular flavour direct to biological receptors," he said. This is beneficial because a smaller, targeted amount of flavour could be used.

"But there are questions here: How do we encapsulate? How do we deliver and release? All these require a lot of technology," said Prof. Nielsen.

Packaging

Packaging is one of the areas of the food industry where the use of nanotechnology is prominent, including making bottles and packaging lighter and stronger, with better thermal performance and less gas absorption.

The Dane is currently looking into the potential of nanotechnology as biofilms in food. "We're going more into surface related problems. This is an interesting area," he said.

"By identifying bacterial adhesion, we can use nanotechnology to prevent this. It is a basic science approach at an atomic level. If we can understand the problem at this level, we can prevent bacteria sticking."

In the wider scientific community, in addition to the production of lighter and stronger materials, nanotechnology for packaging has focussed on embedded nanosensors to enable consumers to "read" the food inside. Sensors are reportedly being developed that will alert consumers before the food goes rotten, and will provide information on the nutritional status of packaging contents.

The area, according to Prof. Nielsen, clearly has much potential but to say that nanotech could truly revolutionise packaging it is too soon to say.

(HKC begs to differ. It says a quarter of the food packaging market, currently worth $100bn, is expected to go nano in the next decade.)

Note of caution

There are some concerns about nanotechnology, particularly in relation to absorption and reaction, and the possibility of nanoparticles crossing natural barriers and membranes. But Prof. Nielsen believes that, overall, the public has a positive, curiosity-driven impression of it.

"There are risks and danger. [For the moment] we simply don't know," he admitted. "But if we're very careful and balance our research with awareness to risks, we might influence the development of nanotechnology to be a safe technology without many of the "negative" stories known from many other new technologies."

"This will have to be explored in health-related studies," he said. "But small particles have other ways of interacting [to larger particles]"

So what do we do about this?

"What you have to do as a scientist is to be aware of the risks, bring the technology to a level where is can be used and then regulate the right and the wrong," advised Prof. Nielsen.

He pointed out that much of the food/drug related nanotechnology used currently in the iNANO laboratories, like those based on natural lipids or chitosan, are derived from natural products, and therefore, in his view, less prone to be harmful than fully synthetic nanoparticles.

However, nanotechnology remains a regulatory black hole - there are no regulations or labelling requirements to allow consumers to make an informed choice at present. This can open the doors for misuse of the nano-buzzword to brand products with negative side-effects while not being nano. The European Food Safety Authority has only recently been asked by the European Commission to deliver a scientific opinion on the subject.

Breaking down barriers

"When I promote nano," said Dr. Nielsen, "I see the real great benefit is breaking down boundaries, not only between academia and industry, but also between different disciplines. It is opening doors for new research and new products (medicine or food)."

And by pouring together their respective expertise, thinking small looks set to produce big things for the food industry.

The NanoFood Consortium currently includes Aarhus Karlshamn, Arla Foods, Danisco, Systematic Software Engineering, NanoNord, Danish Institute of Agricultural Science, Danish Institute for Food and Veterinary Research, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) at the University of Aarhus, Engineering College of Aarhus, Danish Meat Research Institute, and the Danish Technological Institute.

Stephen Daniells is the science editor for NutraIngredients.com and FoodNavigator.com. He has a PhD in chemistry from Queen's University Belfast and has worked in research in the Netherlands and France.

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BILLION DOLLAR NANO-INDUSTRY The Nanotechnology revolution began in January 2000, when U.S. President Bill Clinton requested a $227-million increase in the government's investment in Nanotechnology research and development. This included a major initiative called the National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) that nearly doubled America's 2000 budget investment in Nanotechnology, bringing the total invested in Nanotechnology to $497-million for the 2001 national budget. In a written statement, White House officials said that "nanotechnology is the new frontier and its potential impact is compelling."

The National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) is a Federal government Research & Development program established to coordinate the multiagency efforts in Nanoscale science, engineering, and technology (www.nano.gov).

As of 2006, large industry supports about half of the R & D in nanotechnology in the U.S., about $2 billion per year. The other half comes from small business and investors, as well as Federal, state and local governments.

Twenty-five Federal government agencies participate in the NNI, 13 of which have an R & D budget for Nanotechnology. The NNI is managed within the framework of the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC), the Cabinet-level council by which the President coordinates science, space, and technology policies across the Federal Government.

The Nanoscale Science Engineering and Technology (NSET) Subcommittee of the NSTC coordinates planning, budgeting, program implementation and review to ensure a balanced and comprehensive initiative. In addition to funding research, Federal support through the NNI provides funds for the creation of university and government Nanoscale R&D laboratories.

The President’s 2007 Budget provides over $1.2 billion for the multi-agency National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI), bringing the total investment since the NNI was established in 2001 to over $6.5 billion and nearly tripling the annual investment of the first year of the Initiative.

The 2007 request by HHS includes programs at NIH emphasizing nanotechnology-based biomedical advances occurring at the intersection of biology and the physical sciences and at the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) that address implications and applications of nanotechnology for health and safety in the workplace. The 2006 estimate and 2007 request include, for the first time, contributions from the DOE Office of Fossil Energy and the USDA Forest Service.

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) recently announced its Nanomedicine Development Centers Awards that will share approximately $42-million over five years. The four advanced centers in nanomedicine are part of the NIH's New Pathways to Discovery (www.Nano.gov). The four centers are: The Center for Protein Folding Machinery at Baylor College of Medicine; The National Center for Design of Biomimetic Nanoconductors at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Engineering Cellular Control: Synthetic Signaling and Motility Systems at the University of California, San Francisco; and the NanoMedicine Center for Mechanical Biology at Columbia University in New York (1).

According to NIH, “This initiative brings an engineering approach to the study of subcellular and cellular systems. Possibilities include fixing broken subcellular machines and modifying subcellular structures or cells to perform different functions to mitigate disease or tissue damage.”

Nanomedicine Development Centers will be established across the country and will be staffed by multidisciplinary scientific teams, including biologists, physicians, chemists, physicists, mathematicians, engineers, and computer scientists.

These teams will conduct research and will train the next generation of students in this new research area of medical science (1).

The new $84-million Molecular Foundry on the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) campus in Berkeley, California will allow scientists to begin making new types of Nano-scale material.

About 70 percent of the new nanotechnology funding will go to university research efforts, which will help meet the demand for workers with nanoscale science and engineering skills. The initiative will also fund the projects of several governmental agencies, including the National Science Foundation, the Department of Defense, the Department of Energy, the National Institutes of Health, NASA and the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Much of the research will take more than 20 years to complete, but the process itself could touch off a new industrial revolution.

According to the institute, they will initially concentrate on three research areas: engineering fluorescent nanostructures that can be used for tagging proteins to aid in understanding the immune system; engineering of magnetic nanoparticles to remove pathogens such as viruses from blood; and developing biodegradable nanostructures that can help train the immune system to recognize and respond to the malaria parasite.

In Taiwan, the government has launched the National Science and Technological Program for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, with the focus on catapulting Taiwan’s Nanotechnology industry to more than US $9 billion by 2008.

The Japanese government has decided to invest heavily in nanotechnology and bio-nanotechnology research, which is regarded as a key initiative to boost the national economy.

The European Union expects its overall public investment in Nanotechnology research to triple by 2010.